Editorial : non invasive stimulation techniques: "modulating cognition"

Over the last years non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) have become the ultimate tool to gain major insights about the mechanisms responsible for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. A big issue surrounding transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (TES) methods is the disagreement about the aftereffects reported by studies using similar (if not the same) stimulation protocols (Robertson et al., 2003; Horvath et al., 2014). The purpose of this research topic was to collect information regarding different stimulation procedures to assess their capacity to modulate cognition including also, appropriate control and sham conditions. The first part of this report will cover contributions related to TES which were limited to transcranial direct current stimulation methods (tDCS). This will be followed by studies dedicated to real TMS and sham methodology. ..